Description
Synonymy - Dicyathifer manni (Wright) 1866; T. batilliformis Clapp 1924; T. balatro Iredale 1932; T. shawi Iredale 1932; T. aegyptia Roch 1935; T. grobbai Moll 1937; T. hiloensis Edmondson 1942; T. bartschi Clapp 1923
Taxonomy
| Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family | Genus |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animalia | Mollusca | Bivalvia | Myoida | Teredinidae | Teredo |
Synonyms
Invasion History
Chesapeake Bay Status
| First Record | Population | Range | Introduction | Residency | Source Region | Native Region | Vectors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1952 | Unknown | Unknown | Introduced | Regular Resident | Western Atlantic | Unknown-Marine | Shipping(Fouling Community) |
History of Spread
Teredo bartschi (Bartsch Shipworm) is widespread in tropical and subtropical seas, and has been reported from FL, Bermuda, HI, Australia, Israel, Iraq, Ghana, Kenya, and Fiji (Turner 1971). Although it was described from southeastern United States with type specimens from Tampa FL, and with specimens reported from SC to TX (Clapp 1923), it is best regarded as cryptogenic in Atlantic waters south of Cape Hatteras, and over most of its tropical-subtropical range (Carlton and Ruckelshaus 1997). Abbott (1974) gives its range as: 'introduced to California. South Carolina to Texas. Bermuda.' Teredo bartschi is known in CA waters from specimens collected in San Diego in 1927, but it is established in Pacific waters of Mexico (Carlton 1992; Hendrickx 1980).
Teredo bartschi's northern breeding limit in the Western Atlantic was believed to be SC (Clapp 1923; Turner 1971), but its range has been extended by transport via boats and heated effluents of power plants (Hoagland and Turner 1980; Hoagland 1986a).
Long Island Sound - In 1979, it was found in thermal effluents of the Millstone Nuclear Power Plant, Waterford CT (Hoagland 1986a).
Barnegat Bay- In 1974, breeding populations of T. bartschi were found in Oyster Creek and Forked River in areas receiving heated effluent from the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station (Hoagland and Turner 1980; Richards et al. 1984). It was not previously reported in numerous shipworm studies from 1922 onward (Brown 1953; Richards et al. 1984).
Chesapeake Bay - In 1944-52, it was found in test boards at Norfolk Naval Shipyard, Portsmouth VA (Brown 1953). There are no further records from Chesapeake Bay. This species is likely to be found in high salinity areas with heated effluents.
History References - Brown 1953; Carlton and Ruckelshaus 1997; Clapp 1923; Hendrickx 1980; Hoagland 1986a; Hoagland 1986c; Hoagland and Turner 1980; Richards et al. 1984
Invasion Comments
Ecology
Environmental Tolerances
| For Survival | For Reproduction | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum | Maximum | Minimum | Maximum | |
| Temperature (ºC) | 10.0 | 35.0 | 20.0 | |
| Salinity (‰) | 7.0 | 45.0 | 12.0 | 35.0 |
| Oxygen | anoxic | |||
| pH | ||||
| Salinity Range | poly-eu |
Age and Growth
| Male | Female | |
|---|---|---|
| Minimum Adult Size (mm) | ||
| Typical Adult Size (mm) | 125.0 | 125.0 |
| Maximum Adult Size (mm) | 200.0 | 200.0 |
| Maximum Longevity (yrs) | ||
| Typical Longevity (yrs |
Reproduction
| Start | Peak | End | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reproductive Season | |||
| Typical Number of Young Per Reproductive Event |
|||
| Sexuality Mode(s) | |||
| Mode(s) of Asexual Reproduction |
|||
| Fertilization Type(s) | |||
| More than One Reproduction Event per Year |
|||
| Reproductive Startegy | |||
| Egg/Seed Form |
Impacts
Economic Impacts in Chesapeake Bay
The present abundance of Teredo bartschi (Bartsch's Shipworm) in Chesapeake Bay is unknown. It is presumed to be sporadic and rarely if ever surviving winters here, but this species could become economically important near warm effluents in higher-salinity parts of the Bay.
Economic Impacts Outside of Chesapeake Bay
Teredo bartschi (Bartsch's Shipworm) is an important woodborer in subtropical and tropical waters around the world (Turner 1971). The warm effluents of Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station (NJ) dramatically raised temperatures and salinities in parts of Barnegat Bay, resulting in invasion of shipworms including Teredo bartschi (Bartsch's Shipworm) into previously unaffected areas, causing severe damage to docks and pilings in marinas (Hoagland 1983; Richards et al. 1984; Turner 1973). Similar outbreaks of this subtropical shipworm occurred in Long Island Sound, near the Millstone Nuclear Powerplant, Waterford CT (Hoagland 1986a).
References- Hoagland 1983; Richards et al. 1984; Turner 1971; Turner 1973
Ecological Impacts on Chesapeake Native Species
Impacts of Teredo bartschi (Bartsch's Shipworm) on native biota, such as the shipworm Bankia gouldi (Gould's Shipworm), are probably limited by this T. bartschi's rare occurence in the Bay. In Barnegat Bay: 'Teredo bartschi is a good competitor in any one piece of wood because it has a shorter lifespan, reproduces at a smaller size, and hence can withstand crowding better than the native species. However, it is unable to dominate an entire area for any length of time because its population structure is inherently patchy in time and space' (Hoagland 1983).
References- Hoagland 1983
Ecological Impacts on Other Chesapeake Non-Native Species
Impacts of Teredo bartschi (Bartsch's Shipworm) are probably limited by T. bartschi's rare occurrence in the Bay. Competition with T. navalis (Naval Shipworm) is likely where warm effluents permits the development of dense populations, but this has not been documented for Chesapeake Bay or elsewhere.
Food/Prey- In Barnegat Bay (NJ), Teredo bartschi served a host for the cryptogenic haplosporidian parasite Minchinia teredinis (Hillman 1978).
References- Hillman et al. 1978
References
Brown, Dorothy J. (1953) Sixth Progress Report on marine borer activity in test boards operated during 1952, Report No. 8511 , Duxbury, Massachusetts. Pp.Carlton, James T.; Ruckelshaus, Mary H. (1997) Nonindigenous marine invertebrates and algae of Florida, In: Simberloff, Daniel, Schmitz, Don C., Brown, Tom C.(Eds.) Strangers in Paradise: Impact and Management of Nonindigenous Species in Florida. , Washington, D.C.. Pp. 187-201
Clapp, William F. (1923) New species of Teredo from Florida, Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 37: 31-38
Hendrickx, Michel E. (1980) Range extensions of three species of Teredinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) along the Pacific coast of America, The Veliger 23: 93-94
Hillman, Robert E.; Ford Susan E.; Haskin, Harold H. (1990) Minchinia teredinis n. sp. (Balanosporida, Haplosporidiidae), a parasite of teredinid shipworms, Journal of Protozoology 37: 364-368
Hoagland, K, Elaine (1986b) Genetic variation in seven wood-boring teredinid and pholadid bivalves with different patterns of life history and dispersal, Malacologia 27: 323-339
Hoagland, K. E.; Turner, R. D. (1980) Range extensions of teredinids (shipworms) and polychaetes in the vicinity of a temperate-zone nuclear generating station., Marine Biology 58: 55-64
Hoagland, K. Elaine (1983) Life history characteristics and physiological tolerances of Teredo bartschi, a shipworm introduced into two temperate zone nuclear power plant effluents., In: Sengupta, N. S., and Lee S. S.(Eds.) Third International Waste Heat Conference.. , Miami Beach, FL. Pp. 609-622
Hoagland, K. Elaine (1986a) Effects of temperature, salinity, and substratum on larvae of the shipworms Teredo bartschi Clapp and T. navalis Linnaeus (Bivalvia: Teredinidae), American Malacological Bulletin 4: 89-99
Richards, Beatrice R.; Hillman, Robert E.; Maciolek, Nancy J. (1984) Shipworms, In: Kennish, Michael J.; Lutz, Richard A.(Eds.) Lecture Notes on Coastal and Estuarine Studies - Ecology of Barnegat Bay, New Jersey. , New York. Pp. 201-225
Turgeon, D.D.; Bogan, A.E.; Coan, E.V.; Emerson, W.K.; Lyons, W.G.; Pratt, W.L.; Roper, E.F.E.; Scheltema, A.; Thompson, F.G.; Williams, J.D. (1988) Common and Scientific Names of Aquatic Invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Mollusks, , Bethesda, Maryland. Pp. 227 pages
Turner, R. D. (1973) In the path of a warm, saline effluent, American Malacological Union Bulletin 39: 36-39
Turner, R. D.; Johnson, A. C. (1971) Biology of marine wood-boring molluscs., , Paris. Pp. 259-301
Turner, Ruth D. (1966) A survey and illustrated catalogue of the Teredinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia), , Cambridge. Pp.
Turner, Ruth D. (1971) Identification of marine wood-boring molluscs., , Paris. Pp.
Turner, Ruth D. (1984) An overview of research on marine borers: past progress and future direction., In: Costlow, J.D./Tipper, R. C.(Eds.) Proceedings of the Symposium on Marine Biodeterioration. , Annapolis, MD. Pp.
Wallour, Dorothy Brown (1960) Thirteenth progress report on marine borer activity in test boards operated during 1959, , Duxbury, Massachusetts. Pp. 1-41